If my opponent has Liesa, Shroud of Dusk on the battlefield and whenever he cast a spell, will I have to pay 2 life when I put a creature onto the battlefield triggered by Lurking Predators?
No. Neither creating a token nor putting a card onto the battlefield is the same as casting a spell (review C.R. 601.2, 701.6a), so putting a card onto the battlefield won't make Liesa's last ability trigger.
Even if damage that would otherwise be dealt simultaneously by one or more sources is "partitioned" via Shaman en-Kor's activated ability, the damage is still dealt simultaneously (see also C.R. 608.2f). Thus, if damage is dealt to Sporeweb Weaver or High Priest of Penance this way, that creature's triggered ability triggers only once, no matter how many sources deal damage to that creature simultaneously or how much damage is dealt to that creature simultaneously (C.R. 603.2, especially C.R. 603.2c; C.R. 700.1).
Sporeweb Weaver's triggered ability (or that of High Priest of Penance) will trigger whenever damage of any kind, not just combat damage, is dealt to Sporeweb Weaver (or High Priest of Penance, respectively).
Note that neither ability restricts how often it can trigger in a turn (either ability can trigger more than once in a turn because of first strike [C.R. 702.7b] or the addition of combat phases, for example).
In game terms, putting counters on an object includes—
"putting counters on that object while it's on the battlefield", regardless of what verb is used to refer to that action (whether "put", "move" [C.R. 122.5], "double" [C.R. 701.9e], "give", or some other verb) (see also C.R. 701.1), and
the case of "an object that's given counters as it enters the battlefield" (e.g., "enters the battlefield with ... counters"; see also C.R. 122.6a)
No. Gollum's second ability can be activated only if Gollum is in "your graveyard", since its effect involves moving Gollum out of that graveyard (C.R. 113.6m).
Here, the "Frodo" that appears in "If Frodo is a Scout" (on Frodo, Sauron's Bane) means the permanent where that text appears, and not any other object even if it has "Frodo" in its name (C.R. 201.5, 201.5c). The same is true for the "Frodo" that appears in "...if Frodo is your Ring-bearer..." (on Frodo, Adventurous Hobbit).
For purposes of Ajani's Pridemate, the life is gained all at once. In general, "for each" actions happen simultaneously (C.R. 608.2f). Since a single source, namely Gerrard, is causing you to gain life, Ajani's Pridemate's ability will trigger once (C.R. 119.9).
A player can gain control of a creature another player controls even if it's a Ring-bearer. If this happens, the creature stops being a Ring-bearer and its former controller doesn't choose another creature to be their Ring-bearer (at least until the Ring tempts that player again) (C.R. 701.52a).
If a creature is Goaded, and then a player uses Flicker on it, is it still Goaded?
It depends.
Goaded is a designation that a creature can have, similar to monstrous (C.R. 701.38b, 701.31b).
In general, if a creature is exiled and returns to the battlefield (e.g., with Flicker), the new creature will be different from the old one as far as the game is concerned (C.R. 400.7). If the old creature was goaded due to Jon Irenicus, Shattered One or Bloodboil Sorcerer, the new creature won't necessarily be goaded because it's different from the old one (C.R. 611.2c, 400.7). However, in general, if the old creature was owned by its controller and was goaded due to Baeloth Barrityl, Entertainer, the new creature will likewise be goaded because its power is still less than Baeloth Barrityl's (note that Baeloth Barrityl's first ability is a static ability and thus its effect isn't "locked in") (C.R. 604.1, 611.3a).
The last ability of Nazgûl (just like the last ability of Relentless Rats) is within the scope of C.R. 113.6n and it overrides the comprehensive rules in terms of how many cards of a given name a deck can have (C.R. 101.1).
For purposes of Vines of Vastwood, neither Whirlwind nor Sunblast Angel's enters-the-battlefield ability targets anything (the word "all" doesn't specify targets) (C.R. 115.1a, 115.1d, 115.10a).
Recall that mutating is a copiable effect, which works in an "earlier" layer than the type-changing effect layer (C.R. 613.1a, 613.1d, 613.2a). I also observe that, if a land is given a basic land type, it loses "all abilities generated from its rules text, its old land types, and any copiable effects affecting that land" (all things affecting the type-changing layer or earlier) in favor of the corresponding mana ability for the type (C.R. 305.7).
There is no such rule. In particular, a card with the same name can appear more than once in the command zone, as is the case, for example, with two cards named Lost Mine of Phandelver (at least if they're owned by different players) (C.R. 309.2a), or by two Ferris Wheel cards owned by different players (C.R. 718.6), or two vanguard cards with the same name (C.R. 312.2).
With Rakdos Charm's third mode, creatures each deal 1 damage to their controller simultaneously.
Thus, Ob Nixilis's triggered ability will trigger only if exactly 1 life is lost by any "opponen[t]" this way (which can generally happen only if any "opponen[t]" controls exactly one creature), and then only once even if multiple "opponents" lose life this way (C.R. 608.2c, 608.2f, 603.2c; see also C.R. 700.1).
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/yizw66/question_about_dynaheir_invoker_adept/
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/xj54h2/interaction_between_gala_greeters_torens_fist_of/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/11ncbz9/does_cloning_a_creature_count_as_copying_a_spell/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/11net2r/on_artifact_triggers/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/sdnmap/door_of_destinies/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/sqw7a2/kalain_reclusive_painter_ninjutsu_question/
See also:
- https://www.mtgsalvation.com/forums/magic-fundamentals/magic-rulings/magic-rulings-archives/255728-outrider-en-kor
- https://www.mtgsalvation.com/forums/magic-fundamentals/magic-rulings/820892-damage-redirection-and-when-this-is-dealt-damage
- https://www.mtgsalvation.com/forums/magic-fundamentals/magic-rulings/800399-outrider-en-kor-and-siegehorn-ceratops
- https://www.mtgsalvation.com/forums/magic-fundamentals/magic-rulings/783470-saving-grace-with-sun-crowned-hunters
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/naz0gt/outrider_enkor_instances_of_damage/
EDIT (Jul. 17): Correctness edit.
Note that neither ability restricts how often it can trigger in a turn (either ability can trigger more than once in a turn because of first strike [C.R. 702.7b] or the addition of combat phases, for example).
Compare Sporeweb Weaver and High Priest of Penance with Pious Warrior or Souls of the Faultless.
(C.R. 122.6).
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/yyra3z/reyhan_and_hardened_scales/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/rk5l2w/vorinclex_and_moving_11_counters/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/12ou796/enters_with_counters_laezel/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/xwb56c/couple_of_questions_regarding_11_counters/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/uo1ohz/is_put_a_counter_give_a_counter/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/119843j/enters_with_counters/
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/14h0y2p/frodo_baggins/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtg/comments/14gvopg/question_about_sauron/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/magicTCG/comments/14cxu9y/frodo_adventurous_hobbit_wording_help/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtg/comments/14cu0s1/gimli_interaction_question/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/1492jcm/will_legolas_cards_triggers_affect_other_legolas/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/10ypjo0/danitha_benalias_hope/
EDIT (Jan. 8): Correctness edit.
It depends.
Goaded is a designation that a creature can have, similar to monstrous (C.R. 701.38b, 701.31b).
In general, if a creature is exiled and returns to the battlefield (e.g., with Flicker), the new creature will be different from the old one as far as the game is concerned (C.R. 400.7). If the old creature was goaded due to Jon Irenicus, Shattered One or Bloodboil Sorcerer, the new creature won't necessarily be goaded because it's different from the old one (C.R. 611.2c, 400.7). However, in general, if the old creature was owned by its controller and was goaded due to Baeloth Barrityl, Entertainer, the new creature will likewise be goaded because its power is still less than Baeloth Barrityl's (note that Baeloth Barrityl's first ability is a static ability and thus its effect isn't "locked in") (C.R. 604.1, 611.3a).
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/xhr05o/dragons_approach_persistent_petitioners_etc/
Thus, Ob Nixilis's triggered ability will trigger only if exactly 1 life is lost by any "opponen[t]" this way (which can generally happen only if any "opponen[t]" controls exactly one creature), and then only once even if multiple "opponents" lose life this way (C.R. 608.2c, 608.2f, 603.2c; see also C.R. 700.1).
Compare Ob Nixilis, Captive Kingpin with Ghyrson Starn, Kelermorph; see also Vorinclex, Monstrous Raider.
See also:
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/13xyx8v/ob_nixilus_captive_kingpin_and_rakdos_charm/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/13pwp1d/another_ob_nixilus_captive_kingpin_question/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/13iny6p/new_ob_nixilis_and_shepherd_of_rot_interaction/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/13hccte/ghyrson_starn_interactions/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/mtgrules/comments/yasrwn/opponents_infect_vs_my_vorinclex_raider/