If I control Feather, the Redeemed and cast lightning storm, targeting a creature I control, then I discard a land to target a creature an opponent controls, will Feather still exile it and return it to my hand during the next end step?
Feather's triggered ability cares what the instant or sorcery spell targets only at the time the spell is cast (C.R. 601.2i, 603.2). The ability doesn't care what the spell targets at any other time, including when that spell or that ability would resolve or when that spell's targets change (Feather's triggered ability doesn't have an intervening "if" clause, for example [C.R. 603.4; compare that ability with Ink-Treader Nephilim's]). (However, a spell with targets will fail to resolve if all of them are illegal [C.R. 608.2b].) See also this thread, this thread, and this thread.
As a result, if Lightning Storm targeted a creature you controlled as you cast that spell, Feather's triggered ability will trigger for that spell, and the ability will still get to resolve even if Lightning Storm's target is no longer a creature you control, or becomes illegal, in the meantime (C.R. 115.4; see also C.R. 113.7a).
On the other hand, if Lightning Storm didn't target a creature you controlled as you cast that spell, Feather's triggered ability won't trigger for that spell, even if Lightning Storm's target then changes to a creature you control (C.R. 115.4).
If I control Feather, the Redeemed and cast lightning storm, targeting a creature I control, then I discard a land to target a creature an opponent controls, will Feather still exile it and return it to my hand during the next end step?
Yes. The sequence would be something like this.
Your main phase begins.
You get priority and cast Lightning Storm. For the target, you choose a creature you control. You pay the cost using 1RR obtained in an unspecified way. This triggers the ability of Feather, the Redeemed.
You would get priority, but there is a triggered ability to put on the stack. You put "Whenever you cast an instant or sorcery spell that targets a creature you control, exile that card instead of putting it into your graveyard as it resolves. If you do, return it to your hand at the beginning of the next end step." on the stack.
You get priority and activate the "Discard a land card: Put two charge counters on Lightning Storm. You may choose a new target for it. Any player may activate this ability but only if Lightning Storm is on the stack." ability of Lightning Storm. You pay the cost by discarding a land card.
You get priority and pass.
Opponent gets priority and passes.
The top object on the stack (the ability activated in step 4) resolves. You put two charge counters on Lightning Storm. You choose a new target for it -- a creature an opponent controls.
You get priority and pass.
Opponent gets priority and passes.
The top object on the stack (the ability put there in step 3) resolves. Exile your Lightning Storm card instead of putting it into your graveyard as it resolves. If you do, return it to your hand at the beginning of the next end step.
You get priority and pass.
Opponent gets priority and passes.
The top object on the stack (the spell cast in step 2) resolves. Lightning Storm deals 5 damage to the new target chosen in step 7. You would put Lightning Storm into your graveyard as it finishes resolving, but the replacement effect create in step 10 means that you exile it instead. A delayed triggered ability is created: Return it (Lightning Storm) to your hand at the beginning of the next end step.
You may or may not get priority, depending on whether the target's toughness is more than 5; if not, that state-based action is processed first.
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If I control Feather, the Redeemed and cast lightning storm, targeting a creature I control, then I discard a land to target a creature an opponent controls, will Feather still exile it and return it to my hand during the next end step?
As a result, if Lightning Storm targeted a creature you controlled as you cast that spell, Feather's triggered ability will trigger for that spell, and the ability will still get to resolve even if Lightning Storm's target is no longer a creature you control, or becomes illegal, in the meantime (C.R. 115.4; see also C.R. 113.7a).
On the other hand, if Lightning Storm didn't target a creature you controlled as you cast that spell, Feather's triggered ability won't trigger for that spell, even if Lightning Storm's target then changes to a creature you control (C.R. 115.4).
See also this thread.
EDIT (May 18): Edited.
EDIT (Jul. 12): Some rules were renumbered with Core Set 2020.
Yes. The sequence would be something like this.