No. Marauders must be on the field at the moment the damage is dealt for its doubling effect to be active.
Take note that, in this situation, Marauders is the object dealing (non-doubled) damage, not Stalking Vengeance: Vengeance sees Marauders die and makes Marauder deal damage.
Thanks. Either way if Vengeance and other creatures controlled by the same player all die at once Vengeance still sees all the other death and triggers for each other allied creature
In general, continuous effects of a permanent work only while that permanent is on the battlefield (C.R. 113.6, 613.4b), so that in general, abilities of that permanent that change how that permanent deals damage don't work if it isn't on the battlefield at the time of the damage.
Notable exceptions, however, include wither, infect, and lifelink; with these three abilities, it's the existence of those abilities, not the existence of a particular effect such as a replacement effect, that affects the nature of the damage (C.R. 120.3; see also this thread and this thread), so that they work even if the permanent in question isn't on the battlefield at the time of the damage, as long as it had the ability in question at the last moment it was on the battlefield (C.R. 113.7a, 608.2h). This is what distinguishes those three abilities from continuous effects from static abilities (such as that of Angrath's Marauders's first ability), even if they might do the same thing as wither, infect, or lifelink.
Another notable exception is deathtouch's creature destruction; that is due to a state-based action that works off the existence of the deathtouch ability, not the existence of an effect (C.R. 704.5h). The state-based action applies to damage dealt to the creature in question by a source with deathtouch (since state-based actions were last checked) regardless of whether the source was in the appropriate zone at the time of the damage, as long as the source had deathtouch at the last moment it was in the appropriate zone (C.R. 113.7a, 608.2h).
EDIT (Sep. 12): Some rules were renumbered with Core Set 2020.
EDIT (Sep. 17, 2021): Some rules were renumbered in the meantime.
Take note that, in this situation, Marauders is the object dealing (non-doubled) damage, not Stalking Vengeance: Vengeance sees Marauders die and makes Marauder deal damage.
RULES OF MAGIC :
http://magic.wizards.com/en/game-info/gameplay/rules-and-formats/rules
Notable exceptions, however, include wither, infect, and lifelink; with these three abilities, it's the existence of those abilities, not the existence of a particular effect such as a replacement effect, that affects the nature of the damage (C.R. 120.3; see also this thread and this thread), so that they work even if the permanent in question isn't on the battlefield at the time of the damage, as long as it had the ability in question at the last moment it was on the battlefield (C.R. 113.7a, 608.2h). This is what distinguishes those three abilities from continuous effects from static abilities (such as that of Angrath's Marauders's first ability), even if they might do the same thing as wither, infect, or lifelink.
Another notable exception is deathtouch's creature destruction; that is due to a state-based action that works off the existence of the deathtouch ability, not the existence of an effect (C.R. 704.5h). The state-based action applies to damage dealt to the creature in question by a source with deathtouch (since state-based actions were last checked) regardless of whether the source was in the appropriate zone at the time of the damage, as long as the source had deathtouch at the last moment it was in the appropriate zone (C.R. 113.7a, 608.2h).
EDIT (Sep. 12): Some rules were renumbered with Core Set 2020.
EDIT (Sep. 17, 2021): Some rules were renumbered in the meantime.