So I've recently gotten back into MTG, and my local game store was selling Shadow of Illistrad packs for less than the rest so I figured I'd work for a werewolf deck. I made the deck, cramming in a couple extra creatures to fill in empty mana curve spots and provide a bit more support to get the wolves out and beefed up. One such card (I can't recall the name of it and don't have access to my deck right now) is a 5/3 with trample if I recall correctly. I also put in the Insult/Injury card from Kaladesh. The Insult half states "Damage can't be prevented this turn. If a source you control would deal damage this turn, it deals double that damage instead." So this kind of raised a question for me. Assuming I'm understanding Insult/Injury correctly, if my 5 strength monster hits face, it's 10 damage. So what if my opponent blocks with a 0/1 creature? Would it deal 1 damage doubled to 2 to the blocker then the remaining 4 transfers to face and deals 8 damage, or would it deal 5 doubled to 10 to the blocker and have 9 transfer to face?
Your first assumption is correct; you need to assign at least 1 damage to the blocker and then you can assign 4 damage to the Defending Player. Then, Insult's effect applies and doubles each to 2 and 8. When assigning damage you don't take into account damage increases or protection. With Trample, you just assign what would be lethal, assign the rest to the player (if you want; you can assign all of it to the blocker) and then apply any replacement effects, such as Insult, to that damage assignment.
Your first scenario is correct. Doubling damage + trample (or multiple blockers) is one of the less intuitive interactions in the game, because the damage is not doubled as it is assigned, it is only doubled as it is dealt. So you have to assign lethal damage, even though when the damage is dealt, it will be doubled, resulting in "wasted" damage.
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In this particular case, for an attacking creature with trample to assign damage to the defending player, all its blockers must be assigned lethal damage (C.R. 510.1c, 702.19b). However, if the attacking player doesn't want to assign combat damage to the player or planeswalker that creature is attacking, he or she can arguably choose that the attacking creature with trample assign less than lethal damage to some or all of the blockers (C.R. 702.19b; see my arguments in comments 5 and 7 of this thread).
In this particular case, for an attacking creature with trample to assign damage to the defending player, all its blockers must be assigned lethal damage (C.R. 510.1c, 702.19b). However, if the attacking player doesn't want to assign combat damage to that player, he or she can arguably choose that the attacking creature with trample assign less than lethal damage to some or all of the blockers (C.R. 702.19b; see my arguments in comments 5 and 7 of this thread).
As stated in that thread, the intended interaction is known by reading across a number of rules. It was accepted that there is ambiguity but that ambiguity does not itself change the interaction. You have a thread dedicated to gaps in the CR and you have mentioned that you have reached out to Wizards on a variety of issues.
But, these types of comments are very unhelpful and create doubt where doubt shouldn't exist. The purpose of this forum is to answer how interactions work and that is it. There are some situations where debate is a good thing as not everything is clear cut. But, this isn't one of those situations and you will be hard pressed to find anyone who will answer this question any differently because the damage assignment order rules dictate how it works even if the trample rules don't explicitly call out this interaction.
Insult // Injury
Your first assumption is correct; you need to assign at least 1 damage to the blocker and then you can assign 4 damage to the Defending Player. Then, Insult's effect applies and doubles each to 2 and 8. When assigning damage you don't take into account damage increases or protection. With Trample, you just assign what would be lethal, assign the rest to the player (if you want; you can assign all of it to the blocker) and then apply any replacement effects, such as Insult, to that damage assignment.
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StaffYour first scenario is correct. Doubling damage + trample (or multiple blockers) is one of the less intuitive interactions in the game, because the damage is not doubled as it is assigned, it is only doubled as it is dealt. So you have to assign lethal damage, even though when the damage is dealt, it will be doubled, resulting in "wasted" damage.
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EDIT (Apr. 16): Correctness edit.
But, these types of comments are very unhelpful and create doubt where doubt shouldn't exist. The purpose of this forum is to answer how interactions work and that is it. There are some situations where debate is a good thing as not everything is clear cut. But, this isn't one of those situations and you will be hard pressed to find anyone who will answer this question any differently because the damage assignment order rules dictate how it works even if the trample rules don't explicitly call out this interaction.