Mutavault cannot enter the battlefield as a Human by itself. Counting as a Human is of merit to Thalia's Lieutenant's other ability.
Those are the only rules questions I see here.
The combat phase begins in every turn. Its first step is the beginning of combat step, which is when Luminarch Aspirant triggers. However, if no attackers are declared (which already gives you at least the beginning of combat step and the declare attackers step), the declare blockers step and combat damage step are skipped. (CR 508.8)
If that target is illegal, Deceive the Messenger is a targeted spell with all its targets illegal at the time it tries to resolve, so, it doesn't. (CR 608.2b) It doesn't resolve and none of its effects occur.
Teysa doesn't remove things from the game. Her Oracle text is:
Sacrifice three white creatures: Exile target creature.
Whenever another black creature you control dies, create a 1/1 white Spirit creature token with flying.
The first Reverberate needs to have a target. You can't cast a spell without selecting for all of its targets, and since Reverberate's target is "target instant or sorcery spell", there has to be some instant or sorcery spell before you cast it.
Ognis the Dragon's Lash isn't trying to lend permissions to anything. Of course nothing actually with haste attacked. But the statement that you make a determination that you could [cast spells] [as if they had flash] seems like it is additive with another rule about when you could cast that spell, especially one that said [you could cast it] [if it has flash].
The rules give as an example that you can cast spells with flashback from someone else's graveyard using that one card, Shaman's Trance. How can you do this except if the as-though is kept around for the purpose of evaluating what flashback is letting you do?
Suppose I "treat the game as if that condition were true". And, only for the purposes of... what effect? Is Leyline's effect: [you may cast that spell] ? That doesn't look right, the effect minus the as-though should be something that is not quite a whole permission on its own. This is my problem with the rules for flash specifically.
The interpretation needed to completely remove additivity (or, transitivity more like) is to iron out "for all other purposes" , by way of getting more precise about what "for the purposes of that effect" is.
No, that is just an abridged name. It's still as if "Sauron, the Necromancer" was written in that space. (CR201.5c) Which, itself, doesn't refer to something by name but instead stands in to mean "This permanent". (CR201.5)
You choose targets for that ability at the time you put the ability on the Stack. The Saga isn't dead yet. In fact, the final chapter ability on a Saga resolves fully before the Saga is put away in the graveyard.(CR714.4)
Yes, they're the same kind of effect, they change a land's subtypes. Each one has a for-as-long-as duration, which is the duration for that effect to exist, but, even while the Fountain's effect exists, if the Gaea's Liege effect applies after, it overwrites it.
They can both continue to overwrite each other, Liege targeting any land at any time, and Quicksilver Fountain's triggered ability being able to put another flood counter on a land that is lately not an Island.
add: If Liege ever leaves the battlefield, all its Forest-turning effects will end. If the flood counters all come off of a land, the Island-turning effects on that land all end.
1. You get two triggers from the same first Dragon coming in. One makes a token, the other does 3 damage. They resolve at separate points in time. The token will trigger another ability which, when it resolves, deals 3 damage. These events are quite spaced out.
2. The token copy is different from the spell that had the Jade Orb of Dragonkind effect on it. The Jade Orb has nothing to do with the copy.
3. When you get the Utvara Hellkite you'll receive a token copy of it. When you attack with two Dragons, each Utvara Hellkite triggers twice, so you get four 6/6 Dragon tokens.
4. You get two Rapacious Dragons. You get four Treasure tokens.
5. Scaled Nurturer is a Dragon Druid, so it is a Dragon. When it enters the battlefield, you create a token that's a copy of it.
Yes, the equip activation fizzles, since the ability being activated is: "[equip cost]: Attach this to target creature you control." It's an illegal target after Dominate does its thing.
Yes, Clone can become a copy of Time Vault in this way. It is a creature so it can be chosen for Clone's ability.
Note that Clone will enter the battlefield tapped.
Those are the only rules questions I see here.
Whenever another black creature you control dies, create a 1/1 white Spirit creature token with flying.
The rules give as an example that you can cast spells with flashback from someone else's graveyard using that one card, Shaman's Trance. How can you do this except if the as-though is kept around for the purpose of evaluating what flashback is letting you do?
Suppose I "treat the game as if that condition were true". And, only for the purposes of... what effect? Is Leyline's effect: [you may cast that spell] ? That doesn't look right, the effect minus the as-though should be something that is not quite a whole permission on its own. This is my problem with the rules for flash specifically.
The interpretation needed to completely remove additivity (or, transitivity more like) is to iron out "for all other purposes" , by way of getting more precise about what "for the purposes of that effect" is.
They can both continue to overwrite each other, Liege targeting any land at any time, and Quicksilver Fountain's triggered ability being able to put another flood counter on a land that is lately not an Island.
add: If Liege ever leaves the battlefield, all its Forest-turning effects will end. If the flood counters all come off of a land, the Island-turning effects on that land all end.
2. The token copy is different from the spell that had the Jade Orb of Dragonkind effect on it. The Jade Orb has nothing to do with the copy.
3. When you get the Utvara Hellkite you'll receive a token copy of it. When you attack with two Dragons, each Utvara Hellkite triggers twice, so you get four 6/6 Dragon tokens.
4. You get two Rapacious Dragons. You get four Treasure tokens.
5. Scaled Nurturer is a Dragon Druid, so it is a Dragon. When it enters the battlefield, you create a token that's a copy of it.
Note that Clone will enter the battlefield tapped.