Death triggers trigger based on the card's state on the battlefield. If Keiga dies under your control, you'll get its death trigger (regardless of whether it has +1/+1 counters). If Keiga also has a +1/+1 counter on it at that time, you'll also get Marchesa's trigger and return it to the battlefield under your control at end of turn; since it enters the battlefield as a new game object, there's no reversion of control because the temporary control change effect doesn't apply to it - you're its default controller.
Yes, you would be able to exile the Rabblemaster with the second Maggot's trigger.
Your opponent cast Stoke the Flames in response to you casting second Maggot, killing the first one - immediately after the first one leaves the battlefield, the Rabblemaster returns to your opponent's hand, so it'll be there in time to be exiled by the second Maggot's trigger. This works the same way if they respond to the trigger, since the trigger only targets the opponent, not any cards in their hand. (And of course, if your opponent waited for the second Maggot to trigger and resolve, you could simply exile Stoke the Flames with it.)
You can only put a morph creature face-down as you're casting it; Genesis Hydra doesn't have you cast the revealed card; it puts it directly onto the battlefield. Of course, that card needs to have a CMC of X or less, so you won't be able to get a Hooded Hydra at all with it, since Hooded Hydra's CMC is 5.
Hooded Hydra may have a morph cost of 3GG, but its mana cost is xGG and as such it has cmc=2 in the library.
Also, Genesis Wave has the same issue as Genesis Hydra; none of the revealed cards are cast, just put onto the battlefield.
Are you initially casting a morph card as the main creature, but using the morph text for 3 mana?
If I Genesis Hydra for 2gg, can I cast Hooded Hydra face down? (As the 2/2 face down has a converted mana cost of 0). How about Genesis Hydra for 3gg (since I am casting Hooded Hydra for 3 as a 2/2 face down) Or can I not cast Hooded Hydra at all as a result of Genesis Hydra?
Thanks in advance!
No, you can't do that. The main issue is that Genesis Hydra doesn't have you cast any card, just (possibly) put one onto the battlefield.
As for how you cast a card with morph, you turn it face down just before putting it on the stack and you pay the alternative cost of 3 to cast it that way. You can do this regardless of where you cast it from, as long as you're not paying another alternative cost to do so (notably, you can't do it if you're casting the card "without paying its mana cost").
In general you can only take a game action if a rule or card tells you to. This isn't explicitly explained in the rules because they only tell you what you can do, not what you can't.
You can activate Polukranos's monstrosity ability while it's attacking, yes, and damage it deals with its trigger is lethal because it has deathtouch (deathtouch applies to all damage a source deals). Any creatures destroyed before the combat damage step won't deal combat damage.
A couple of (somewhat) minor things:
Bow of Nylea doesn't have a triggered ability; the ability that gives your attacking creatures deathtouch is a static ability - at any given time, if a creature you control is attacking, it has deathtouch.
You don't "respond to" blockers; you can activate the monstrosity ability after you attack and before blockers are declared (during the declare attackers step), or you can activate it after blockers are declared (during the declare blockers step). If you do the latter, any creatures that were blocked will remain blocked even if all their blockers are removed from the battlefield (for instance, by being dealt lethal damage by Polukranos's trigger); a blocked creature won't deal combat damage to the defending player (or planeswalker) unless it has trample, even if there aren't any creatures blocking it.
If you untap Daring Thief during combat, its triggered ability will trigger and resolve then. A creature that changes controllers is removed from combat, so the Satyr and the Colossus will be removed from combat.
You can't exchange control of Aqueous Form with a non-enchantment artifact using Daring Thief's trigger because Aqueous Form isn't an artifact. You could exchange control of it and an enchantment artifact (e.g. Whip of Erebos), but only because the latter would share the enchantment card type with Aqueous Form.
You'll get one +1/+1 counter for each creature with lifelink that deals damage, each time those creatures deal damage (so double strike = two instances of damage).
For instants, sorceries and abilities that tell you to gain N life, you only gain life once, as one event, for any one spell/ability (since they only say "gain" once).
Quote from Comp. rules »
118.9. Some triggered abilities are written, "Whenever [a player] gains life, . . . ." Such abilities are treated as though they are written, "Whenever a source causes [a player] to gain life, . . . ." If a player gains 0 life, no life gain event has occurred, and these abilities won’t trigger.
Example: A player controls Ajani’s Pridemate, which reads "Whenever you gain life, you may put a +1/+1 counter on Ajani’s Pridemate," and two creatures with lifelink. The creatures with lifelink deal combat damage simultaneously. Ajani’s Pridemate’s ability triggers twice.
While you cannot activate Pestilence and respond to it with Children of Korlis's ability to achieve the result you want, you can get that result by activating Children of Korlis first and responding with the Pestilence activations. Pestilence will deal its damage, then you will gain back the life you lost.
Yes, you can exile cards from your graveyard to pay for any generic mana component of the delve spell's total cost, including the Arbiter's 1 cost increase.
Spirit of the Labyrinth prevents your opponent from drawing more than one card, so if they've already drawn a card they can't draw any more - and replacement effects that would replace those draws won't do anything. However, your opponent can apply as many Words of Wind effects as they want in a turn before actually drawing a card during that turn.
Quote from Comp. rules »
614.7. If a replacement effect would replace an event, but that event never happens, the replacement effect simply doesn’t do anything.
You have it right. Gaining control of a permanent doesn't cause it to leave or enter the battlefield: there's only one battlefield, and the land has been on the battlefield the whole time. The Roil Elemental won't trigger.
The way you'd (probably) expect: You get N additional +1/+1 counters, where N is the number of Hardened Scales you control.
The long answer is that you apply replacement effects one at a time, in an order of your choice (since you control the affected permanent), so if you have an effect putting one +1/+1 counter on a creature you control and you control three Hardened Scales, you'll apply each of their effects in some order (as they all do the same thing, it doesn't matter), and ultimately put four +1/+1 counters on the creature.
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Death triggers trigger based on the card's state on the battlefield. If Keiga dies under your control, you'll get its death trigger (regardless of whether it has +1/+1 counters). If Keiga also has a +1/+1 counter on it at that time, you'll also get Marchesa's trigger and return it to the battlefield under your control at end of turn; since it enters the battlefield as a new game object, there's no reversion of control because the temporary control change effect doesn't apply to it - you're its default controller.
You'll be able to cast them later of course, once the trigger has resolved, but by then your opponent's response will have already resolved.
Your opponent cast Stoke the Flames in response to you casting second Maggot, killing the first one - immediately after the first one leaves the battlefield, the Rabblemaster returns to your opponent's hand, so it'll be there in time to be exiled by the second Maggot's trigger. This works the same way if they respond to the trigger, since the trigger only targets the opponent, not any cards in their hand. (And of course, if your opponent waited for the second Maggot to trigger and resolve, you could simply exile Stoke the Flames with it.)
Hooded Hydra may have a morph cost of 3GG, but its mana cost is xGG and as such it has cmc=2 in the library.
Also, Genesis Wave has the same issue as Genesis Hydra; none of the revealed cards are cast, just put onto the battlefield.
No, you can't do that. The main issue is that Genesis Hydra doesn't have you cast any card, just (possibly) put one onto the battlefield.
As for how you cast a card with morph, you turn it face down just before putting it on the stack and you pay the alternative cost of 3 to cast it that way. You can do this regardless of where you cast it from, as long as you're not paying another alternative cost to do so (notably, you can't do it if you're casting the card "without paying its mana cost").
A couple of (somewhat) minor things:
Bow of Nylea doesn't have a triggered ability; the ability that gives your attacking creatures deathtouch is a static ability - at any given time, if a creature you control is attacking, it has deathtouch.
You don't "respond to" blockers; you can activate the monstrosity ability after you attack and before blockers are declared (during the declare attackers step), or you can activate it after blockers are declared (during the declare blockers step). If you do the latter, any creatures that were blocked will remain blocked even if all their blockers are removed from the battlefield (for instance, by being dealt lethal damage by Polukranos's trigger); a blocked creature won't deal combat damage to the defending player (or planeswalker) unless it has trample, even if there aren't any creatures blocking it.
You can't exchange control of Aqueous Form with a non-enchantment artifact using Daring Thief's trigger because Aqueous Form isn't an artifact. You could exchange control of it and an enchantment artifact (e.g. Whip of Erebos), but only because the latter would share the enchantment card type with Aqueous Form.
No, the card never hits the graveyard, so "dies" abilities won't trigger (since it means to be put into a graveyard from the battlefield).
For instants, sorceries and abilities that tell you to gain N life, you only gain life once, as one event, for any one spell/ability (since they only say "gain" once).
The way you'd (probably) expect: You get N additional +1/+1 counters, where N is the number of Hardened Scales you control.
The long answer is that you apply replacement effects one at a time, in an order of your choice (since you control the affected permanent), so if you have an effect putting one +1/+1 counter on a creature you control and you control three Hardened Scales, you'll apply each of their effects in some order (as they all do the same thing, it doesn't matter), and ultimately put four +1/+1 counters on the creature.