You will receive 9 damage, as the attacking creature won't need to assign any damage to your defender (since it's dead), and since it has trample the leftover damage (9) will be dealt to you.
509.1h An attacking creature with one or more creatures declared as blockers for it becomes a
blocked creature; one with no creatures declared as blockers for it becomes an unblocked
creature. This remains unchanged until the creature is removed from combat, an effect says that
it becomes blocked or unblocked, or the combat phase ends, whichever comes first. A creature
remains blocked even if all the creatures blocking it are removed from combat.
As in, if it did not have trample, would I have taken damage?
No.
510.1c A blocked creature assigns its combat damage to the creatures blocking it. If no creatures are
currently blocking it (if, for example, they were destroyed or removed from combat), it assigns
no combat damage. If exactly one creature is blocking it, it assigns all its combat damage to that
creature. If two or more creatures are blocking it, it assigns its combat damage to those creatures
according to the damage assignment order announced for it. This may allow the blocked
creature to divide its combat damage. However, it can’t assign combat damage to a creature
that’s blocking it unless, when combat damage assignments are complete, each creature that
precedes that blocking creature in its order is assigned lethal damage. When checking for
assigned lethal damage, take into account damage already marked on the creature and damage
from other creatures that’s being assigned during the same combat damage step, but not any
abilities or effects that might change the amount of damage that’s actually dealt. An amount of
damage that’s greater than a creature’s lethal damage may be assigned to it.
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Why bother with mere rulings when so many answers can be found in the Rules?
Can I declare my creature as a blocker, and after damage is assigned, sacrifice it?
All of the above answers are correct, but just for clarification: you can't actually do this precisely as stated. You can declare the creature as a blocker, then sacrifice it before damage is assigned. There is no opportunity to activate abilities or cast spells between damage being assigned and damage being dealt.
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I'm being attacked by a creature with trample. Let's say 9 attack.
I'm blocking with a 0/3.
I have a creature out with an instant-speed ability; the cost being to sacrifice a creature.
Can I declare my creature as a blocker, and after damage is assigned, sacrifice it?
Assuming my creature is being sacrificed, will I receive 9 damage or 6?
As in, if it did not have trample, would I have taken damage?
Yes.
No.