I cast the card Flash. As it resolves, I put onto the battlefield the card Body Double, don’t pay the 2, and let it die. At any point does Body Double become a copy of a creature card in my graveyard? If so, do any of the copied card’s enters or leaves the battlefield abilities trigger?
Because the copy effect is a replacement effect, you choose what Body Double copies as it enters the battlefield, and it enters as that, even if this is in the middle of the resolution of a spell that puts it on the battlefield such as Flash. So, "FOR EXAMPLE", if there is a Protean Hulk in a graveyard, Body Double can copy it as it enters the battlefield, and then it dies as that creature. So if "FOR EXAMPLE", it dies as a Protean Hulk this way, the die ability will trigger.
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I cast the card Flash. As it resolves, I put onto the battlefield the card Body Double, don’t pay the 2, and let it die. At any point does Body Double become a copy of a creature card in my graveyard? If so, do any of the copied card’s enters or leaves the battlefield abilities trigger?
Yes and yes.
603.3. Once an ability has triggered, its controller puts it on the stack as an object that’s not a card the next time a player would receive priority. See rule 117, “Timing and Priority.” The ability becomes the topmost object on the stack. It has the text of the ability that created it, and no other characteristics. It remains on the stack until it’s countered, it resolves, a rule causes it to be removed from the stack, or an effect moves it elsewhere.
603.6d Some permanents have text that reads “[This permanent] enters the battlefield with . . . ,” “As [this permanent] enters the battlefield . . . ,” “[This permanent] enters the battlefield as . . . ,” or “[This permanent] enters the battlefield tapped.” Such text is a static ability—not a triggered ability—whose effect occurs as part of the event that puts the permanent onto the battlefield.
614.1. Some continuous effects are replacement effects. Like prevention effects (see rule 615), replacement effects apply continuously as events happen—they aren’t locked in ahead of time. Such effects watch for a particular event that would happen and completely or partially replace that event with a different event. They act like “shields” around whatever they’re affecting.
614.1c Effects that read “[This permanent] enters the battlefield with . . . ,” “As [this permanent] enters the battlefield . . . ,” or “[This permanent] enters the battlefield as . . . “ are replacement effects.
706.5. An object that enters the battlefield “as a copy” or “that’s a copy” of another object becomes a copy as it enters the battlefield. It doesn’t enter the battlefield, and then become a copy of that permanent. If the text that’s being copied includes any abilities that replace the enters-the-battlefield event (such as “enters the battlefield with” or “as [this] enters the battlefield” abilities), those abilities will take effect. Also, any enters-the-battlefield triggered abilities of the copy will have a chance to trigger.
As an example, let's suppose a Pelakka Wurm is in a graveyard at the time you do this and you choose to copy it.
During the resolution of Flash, you choose Body Double from your hand. Because Body Double is entering the battlefield, you get the option to choose a creature card in a graveyard and specify Pelakka Wurm. Your card transitions from being a Body Double card in your hand to being a Pelakka Wurm on the battlefield; this triggers its "When Pelakka Wurm enters the battlefield, you gain 7 life." ability. You then proceed to the next step in the Flash: you have the option to pay 2GGG but you decline. Therefore, you sacrifice the new creature. This triggers its "When Pelakka Wurm dies, draw a card." ability, and you now have a Body Double card in your graveyard. Now the Flash is finished resolving, so it goes to your graveyard. Before anyone gets priority, you have those two triggered abilities to put on the stack in an order of your choice.
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Why bother with mere rulings when so many answers can be found in the Rules?
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Yes and yes.
As an example, let's suppose a Pelakka Wurm is in a graveyard at the time you do this and you choose to copy it.
During the resolution of Flash, you choose Body Double from your hand. Because Body Double is entering the battlefield, you get the option to choose a creature card in a graveyard and specify Pelakka Wurm. Your card transitions from being a Body Double card in your hand to being a Pelakka Wurm on the battlefield; this triggers its "When Pelakka Wurm enters the battlefield, you gain 7 life." ability. You then proceed to the next step in the Flash: you have the option to pay 2GGG but you decline. Therefore, you sacrifice the new creature. This triggers its "When Pelakka Wurm dies, draw a card." ability, and you now have a Body Double card in your graveyard. Now the Flash is finished resolving, so it goes to your graveyard. Before anyone gets priority, you have those two triggered abilities to put on the stack in an order of your choice.