If an opponent plays a card like Elvish Archdruid that gives other elf creatures they controls +1/+1 and they declare the Elvish Archdruid and another Elf creature as attackers, when I go to block them, if I block the Elvish Archdruid first and it dies, does the other Elf creature keep its buff when I go to block it on the same Combat Phase?
Elvish Archdruid's first ability is a static ability; its effect giving "[o]ther Elf creatures you control ... +1/+1" lasts only while Elvish Archdruid is on the battlefield (C.R. 604.1, 611.3b, 113.6). Once Elvish Archdruid leaves the battlefield, that effect ends immediately and the power and toughness of creatures are adjusted accordingly.
Note that blockers are declared all at once, not one at a time (C.R. 509.1g).
Ah, ok. So after the combat phase, the creatures will lose their buffs. So that means that they will still have their buffs during the combat phase.
Not exactly. Take the following scenario:
The combat damage step starts. Elvish Archdruid is blocked by Grizzly Bears, and Llanowar Elves (2/2 thanks to Elvish Archdruid) is blocked by Zealous Guardian. Assume that none of these creatures were dealt damage yet this turn, and that Elvish Archdruid and Llanowar Elves are controlled by the same player.
Grizzly Bears assigns damage equal to its power to Elvish Archdruid and vice versa. Zealous Guardian assigns damage equal to its power to Llanowar Elves and vice versa (C.R. 510.1).
The combat damage assigned is now dealt (C.R. 510.2).
Elvish Archdruid, Zealous Guardian, and Grizzly Bears have been dealt lethal damage, so all three creatures are destroyed as a state-based action (C.R. 510.3, 117.5, 704.5f). Now, since Elvish Archdruid isn't on the battlefield anymore, Llanowar Elves goes back to 1/1, so that the damage marked on Llanowar Elves is now lethal, so that Llanowar Elves is destroyed in another check for state-based actions (C.R. 117.5, 704.5f). Note that at this point, the game is still in the combat damage step.
If an opponent plays a card like Elvish Archdruid that gives other elf creatures they controls +1/+1 and they declare the Elvish Archdruid and another Elf creature as attackers, when I go to block them, if I block the Elvish Archdruid first and it dies, does the other Elf creature keep its buff when I go to block it on the same Combat Phase?
There is no "blocking first". You declare all blockers as a single action.
Unless any of the attackers has First Strike or Double Strike, all combat damage is dealt at the same time.
It doesn't go "block A with C, see if either dies, then block B with D, etc". It goes "block A with C and B with D. If all players pass, A deals damage to C, C deals damage to A, B deals damage to D, D deals damage to B, all at once. Then we check if any of them dies from the damage."
So during the Combat Damage, the other elf still has Archdruid's buff, meaning it deals more damage. But if Archdruid dies from the damage, the elf then loses the buff, meaning the damage that was dealt to that elf (and is still "marked" on it) may now be considered lethal.
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Note that blockers are declared all at once, not one at a time (C.R. 509.1g).
There is no "blocking first". You declare all blockers as a single action.
Unless any of the attackers has First Strike or Double Strike, all combat damage is dealt at the same time.
It doesn't go "block A with C, see if either dies, then block B with D, etc". It goes "block A with C and B with D. If all players pass, A deals damage to C, C deals damage to A, B deals damage to D, D deals damage to B, all at once. Then we check if any of them dies from the damage."
So during the Combat Damage, the other elf still has Archdruid's buff, meaning it deals more damage. But if Archdruid dies from the damage, the elf then loses the buff, meaning the damage that was dealt to that elf (and is still "marked" on it) may now be considered lethal.