What happens if you miss the energy counters from casting Aethersphere Harvester? Also, what happens if you cast a Woodweaver's Puzzleknot and you gain the life but forget to get the energy?
Okay it depends on what kind of tournament you are at.
If it's a regular REL tournament (FNM's and most other local store tournaments):
For the Aethersphere Harvester you did indeed miss the trigger, if it's not too disruptive the judge will most likely just let you put the trigger on the stack and give you the energy counters.
For the Woodweaver's Puzzleknot you improperly resolved your triggers. By the books the judge should either back up to the point of the error or leave the game state as is, however at regular REL they have more leeway and if there is a solution that seems fair they are free to do that. In this case most judges will just let you have the energy counters and tell you to be more careful in the future.
At competitive and professional REL tournaments (pro tour circuit, grand prix's, SCG Opens, etc):
For Aethersphere Harvester you did miss the trigger. If it's within a turn of the error happening then your opponent can choose to have you put it on the stack. There is no penalty for this since the trigger is not generally deterimental.
For Woodweaver's Puzzleknot again you improperly resolved the trigger. In this case the judge can either back up to the point of the error or leave the game state as is. You would receive a game rules violation penalty for this error.
I̟̥͍̠ͅn̩͉̣͍̬͚ͅ ̬̬͖t̯̹̞̺͖͓̯̤h̘͍̬e͙̯͈̖̼̮ ̭̬f̺̲̲̪i͙͉̟̩̰r̪̝͚͈̝̥͍̝̲s̼̻͇̘̳͔ͅt̲̺̳̗̜̪̙ ̳̺̥̻͚̗ͅm̜̜̟̰͈͓͎͇o̝̖̮̝͇m̯̻̞̼̫̗͓̤e̩̯̬̮̩n͎̱̪̲̹͖t͇̖s̰̮ͅ,̤̲͙̻̭̻̯̹̰ ̖t̫̙̺̯͖͚̯ͅh͙̯̦̳̗̰̟e͖̪͉̼̯ ̪͕g̞̣͔a̗̦t̬̬͓͙̫̖̭̻e̩̻̯ ̜̖̦̖̤̭͙̬t̞̹̥̪͎͉ͅo͕͚͍͇̲͇͓̺ ̭̬͙͈̣̻t͈͍͙͓̫̖͙̩h̪̬̖̙e̗͈ ̗̬̟̞̺̤͉̯ͅa̦̯͚̙̜̮f͉͙̲̣̞̼t̪̤̞̣͚e̲͉̳̥r͇̪̙͚͓l̥̞̞͎̹̯̹ͅi͓̬f̮̥̬̞͈ͅe͎ ̟̩̤̳̠̯̩̯o̮̘̲p̟͚̣̞͉͓e͍̩̣n͔̼͕͚̜e̬̱d̼̘͎̖̹͍̮̠,͖̺̭̱̮ ̣̲͖̬̪̭̥a̪͚n̟̲̝̤̤̞̗d̘̱̗͇̮͕̳͕͔ ͖̞͉͎t̹̙͎h̰̱͉̗e̪̞̱̝̹̩ͅ ̠̱̩̭̦p̯̙e͓o̳͚̰̯̺̱̰͔̘p̬͎̱̣̼̩͇l̗̟̖͚̠e̱͉͔̱̦̬̟̙ ̖͚̪͔̼̦w̺̖̤̱e͖̗̻̦͓̖̘̜r̭̥e͔̹̫̱͕̦̰͕ ̗͔̠p̠̗͍͍̱̳̠r̰͔͎̰o͉̥͓̰͚̥s̟͚̹̱͔̣t͉̙̳̖͖̪̮r̥̘̥͙̹a͉̟̫̟̳̠̟̭t͈̜̰͈͎e̞̣̭̲̬ ͚̗̯̟͙i͍͖̰̘̦͖͉ṇ̮̻̯̦̲̩͍ ̦̮͚̫̤t͉͖̫͕ͅͅh͙̮̻̘̣̮̼e͕̺ ͙l͕̠͎̰̥i̲͓͉̲g̫̳̟͈͇̖h̠̦̖t͓̯͎̗ ̳̪̘̟̙̩̦o̫̲f̙͔̰̙̠ ̹̪̗͇̯t͖̼̼͉͖̬h̹͇̩e͚̖̺̤͉̹͕̪ ͚͓̭̝̺G͎̗̯̩o̫̯̮̟̮̳̘d̜̲͙̠-̩̳̯̲̗̜P̹̘̥͉̝h͍͈̗̖̝ͅa͍̗̮̼̗r̜̖͇̙̺a̭̺͔̞̳͈o̪̣͓̯̬͙̯̰̗h̖̦͈̥̯͔.͇̣̙̝
If it's a regular REL tournament (FNM's and most other local store tournaments):
For the Aethersphere Harvester you did indeed miss the trigger, if it's not too disruptive the judge will most likely just let you put the trigger on the stack and give you the energy counters.
For the Woodweaver's Puzzleknot you improperly resolved your triggers. By the books the judge should either back up to the point of the error or leave the game state as is, however at regular REL they have more leeway and if there is a solution that seems fair they are free to do that. In this case most judges will just let you have the energy counters and tell you to be more careful in the future.
At competitive and professional REL tournaments (pro tour circuit, grand prix's, SCG Opens, etc):
For Aethersphere Harvester you did miss the trigger. If it's within a turn of the error happening then your opponent can choose to have you put it on the stack. There is no penalty for this since the trigger is not generally deterimental.
For Woodweaver's Puzzleknot again you improperly resolved the trigger. In this case the judge can either back up to the point of the error or leave the game state as is. You would receive a game rules violation penalty for this error.