Lost Legacy is card I've started using in Standard, though I'm not sure on a few things with it.
Here are three scenarios.
1. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Emrakul, the Promised End. Am I allowed to just say "Emrakul", since there is only one legal "Emrakul" in standard, or do I still have to specify that I'm referring to "The Promised End" to differentiate it from Emrakul, the Aeons Torn.
2. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Chandra, the Torch of Defiance. Do I have to say the full name "Chandra, the Torch of Defiance", because there are more than one legal Chandras in standard?
3. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Goblin Dark-Dwellers. Can I just say "Dark Dwellers"?
1) You only have to identify the card uniqely within the format. So in a Standard environment, just saying "Emrakul" suffices, but in formats where both versions are legal, you have to be more specific.
2) Yes. Again, you have to uniquely identify the card within the format you're playing. If more than one version is legal within the format, you have to be more specific, so that it can be no other card.
3) Yes. There's no other card with "Dark-Dwellers" in the name in Standard, so this part of the name already uniquely identifies the card.
Note, that you can "uniquely identify" a card by other means than the name. For example, if you don't recall the name of a card, but can remember enough details about it, that it cannot be anything else, that suffices.
Lost Legacy is card I've started using in Standard, though I'm not sure on a few things with it.
Any time you need to name a card, what you need to do is uniquely identify that card in the format you're playing - be it by name, describing it's power/toughness/abilities, etc. With that in mind,
1. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Emrakul, the Promised End. Am I allowed to just say "Emrakul", since there is only one legal "Emrakul" in standard, or do I still have to specify that I'm referring to "The Promised End" to differentiate it from Emrakul, the Aeons Torn.
Saying "Emrakul", "The 13/13 flyer that lets you take my turn", "Emrakul that Mindslaver's me", "The Flying Legendary Eldrazi" would all be sufficient because as you noted, Emrakul, the Aeons Torn is not legal in Standard.
2. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Chandra, the Torch of Defiance. Do I have to say the full name "Chandra, the Torch of Defiance", because there are more than one legal Chandras in standard?
You'd have to say "The 4 drop Chandra", "The Chandra with 4 abilities", "The Chandra with 2 +1s", "The Chandra that adds mana with her +1", "Chandra, the Torch of Defiance" or some other way uniquely identify that Chandra vs the other one. It should also be sufficient to say "The Chandra that doesn't make elementals with her +1".
3. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Goblin Dark-Dwellers. Can I just say "Dark Dwellers"?
Perfectly fine - there's no other card with "Dark Dwellers" in its name so you've uniquely identified it.
The reason you're allowed to use non-exact names (while still uniquely identifying the card) is because you're allowed at all times to ask for the Oracle text of a given card. For this you don't have to have the name. Meaning you're essentially "shortcutting" calling for a Judge and asking for Oracle text of "The Emrakul that's in Standard", seeing the name, and then saying "Lost Legacy naming Emrakul, the Promised End".
Relevant rules:
201.3. If an effect instructs a player to name a card, the player must choose the name of a card that is legal in the format of the game the player is playing. (See rule 100.6.) A player may not choose the name of a token unless it’s also the name of a card.
Quote from MTR 3.6 »
Players have the right to request access to the official wording of a card only if they can uniquely identify that card, although the card does not necessarily have to be identified by name.
You're right - I forgot about the planeswalker deck Chandra.
But the planeswalker deck Chandra doesn't have a +1, so it would still be uniquely identified.
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Here are three scenarios.
1. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Emrakul, the Promised End. Am I allowed to just say "Emrakul", since there is only one legal "Emrakul" in standard, or do I still have to specify that I'm referring to "The Promised End" to differentiate it from Emrakul, the Aeons Torn.
2. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Chandra, the Torch of Defiance. Do I have to say the full name "Chandra, the Torch of Defiance", because there are more than one legal Chandras in standard?
3. I'm playing Standard and want to cast Lost Legacy on Goblin Dark-Dwellers. Can I just say "Dark Dwellers"?
2) Yes. Again, you have to uniquely identify the card within the format you're playing. If more than one version is legal within the format, you have to be more specific, so that it can be no other card.
3) Yes. There's no other card with "Dark-Dwellers" in the name in Standard, so this part of the name already uniquely identifies the card.
Note, that you can "uniquely identify" a card by other means than the name. For example, if you don't recall the name of a card, but can remember enough details about it, that it cannot be anything else, that suffices.
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Any time you need to name a card, what you need to do is uniquely identify that card in the format you're playing - be it by name, describing it's power/toughness/abilities, etc. With that in mind,
Saying "Emrakul", "The 13/13 flyer that lets you take my turn", "Emrakul that Mindslaver's me", "The Flying Legendary Eldrazi" would all be sufficient because as you noted, Emrakul, the Aeons Torn is not legal in Standard.
You'd have to say "The 4 drop Chandra", "The Chandra with 4 abilities", "The Chandra with 2 +1s", "The Chandra that adds mana with her +1", "Chandra, the Torch of Defiance" or some other way uniquely identify that Chandra vs the other one. It should also be sufficient to say "The Chandra that doesn't make elementals with her +1".
Perfectly fine - there's no other card with "Dark Dwellers" in its name so you've uniquely identified it.
The reason you're allowed to use non-exact names (while still uniquely identifying the card) is because you're allowed at all times to ask for the Oracle text of a given card. For this you don't have to have the name. Meaning you're essentially "shortcutting" calling for a Judge and asking for Oracle text of "The Emrakul that's in Standard", seeing the name, and then saying "Lost Legacy naming Emrakul, the Promised End".
Relevant rules:
There are three legal Chandras in Standard right now:
Chandra, Torch of Defiance
Chandra, Flamecaller
Chandra, Pyrogenius
So they would need to state more than just that she doesn't make elementals with her +1.
But the planeswalker deck Chandra doesn't have a +1, so it would still be uniquely identified.